U.s. A Multicultural Country - 1045 Words

In terms of diversity, the U.S. contains a lot of history, which makes them what they are now. Both the U.S. as well as Latin America were colonies, achieved independence movements and were directly influenced by countries like Spain and France. The difference relies that in the U.S., these European countries remained for a longer period of time, making the U.S. a multicultural country. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Queens, a major area of New York City is considered to be â€Å"the most diverse place on the planet† (Colangelo). There is also the Diversity Visa Program, in which the U.S. randomly allocates 55,000 visas around the world. In this program, people from six geographic regions can register for the lottery and there†¦show more content†¦There are mostly no prejudices against religion and skin color, most of the Latin people gather together and find ways to support each other, no matter where they are, they like to keep in touch and help th e ones with less experience. Overall this supportive characteristic of Latin people should be applied to the U.S. culture in order to create a more unified country and improve the way their society develops. This could help stop riots, mass shootings and violence acts towards people from different religion which has been increasing in the U.S. in the last 5 years. The sentiment of integration and inclusion is something the U.S. hasn’t developed yet. In the case of Latin culture, whenever they feel they are not being respected and that their differences are not taken into consideration, their sentiment of integration towards the American culture decreases and there is when riots and protests trigger. But on the other side, when these people are taking into account as part of the U.S. many things including economy, safety and legal issues have positive effects. Although, at some point people from Latin America are running away from their country because of political and economi c problems, there should be agreements, which are the reforms in the immigration policies in order to stop this cycle and create better andShow MoreRelatedAssignment 2 : A Multicultural Society807 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2: The Application Paper Keitha Williams October 18, 2017 Argosy University Assignment 2: The Application Paper A multicultural society is where a diverse group of races, cultures, and different ethical background coexist together in a country, state, city, community or neighborhoods. Basically, a ground of people from different backgrounds living together in the same community. Multiculturalism is when these diverse groups have the same rights and treatment in societyRead MoreMulticultural Psychology Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Psychology Paper Multicultural Psychology Paper Multicultural psychology is the systematic study of all aspects of human behavior as it occurs in settings where people of different cultural backgrounds encounter each other. Multiculturalism has been considered a fourth force in the field of psychology, supplementing behaviorism, psychodynamic theories, and humanistic psychology. It explores such topics as differences in worldviews and in means of communication; the acculturationRead MoreEducating Through A Multicultural Perspective Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesEducating Through a Multicultural Perspective What the Research Says? Defining Multicultural Education The United States serves as a culturally rich country who opens its arms to individuals from many different ethnicities, backgrounds, and life experiences. It seeks to be the melting pot of a blended group of people, providing opportunity and equity for all. Consequently, our educational system is the cornerstone for providing equal opportunity for all persons. Therefore, as the United States continuesRead MoreThe Benefits of a Multicultural America1460 Words   |  6 Pages GEN. 220 February 27, 2014 The benefits of a Multicultural America In America, people are born and raised to believe that this country was founded on human rights such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. In reality these rights were not always accessible for minorities in United States. Minorities in America have had to overcome obstacles including being treated as second class citizens. Multiculturalism has existed throughout the history of America. People have migratedRead MoreL Oreal Company Background1041 Words   |  5 Pages L’Oreal Company Background L’Oreal Paris was founded in 1909 by Eugà ¨ne Schueller. L’Oreal Group is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1963 and it is headquartered in Clichy, France. L’Oreal is present in 130 countries on five continents. According to L’Oreal annual report from 2014, the brand was considered the number one in Cosmetics Group Worldwide( source: â€Å"Beauty’s Top 100† WWD, August 2014. (2) Like-for-like.). The organization is composed of 78,600 employees with an International portfolioRead MoreThe Diversity Of A Multicultural Organization1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe multicultural organization Historically, diversity in the workplace was seen as an employment equity issues. As the years passed by, it all changed. The surge of globalization has needed the collaboration among people of different backgrounds and cultures. Nowadays, organizations are now creating a diverse workforce beyond just gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. Many U.S. organizations are embracing women, ethnic minorities, and foreign-born employees more than ever before in historyRead More From Myth to Multiculturalism1325 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduated (Foner Alba, 2006). Despite these facts, the Horatio Alger Theory of Ethnic Success (Steinberg, 2001) persists. There are several reasons why this is the case. First, the myth corresponds well with the concept that many hold about the U.S. This concept envisions America as the new Promised Land in which the weary pilgrims from all over the world find happiness, freedom, and opportunity that their former homelands did not afford. The idea that immigrants did not succeed in a prodigiousRead MorePortrayal Of A Multicultural Mindset On A Global And Local Scale1478 Words   |  6 PagesStop with the judging There are many factors that contribute to the overall lack of a multicultural mindset on a global and local scale. A lot of people like to be separated from those who are not like them, either in the socioeconomic spectrum, the racial spectrum, the way they live or simply the human experience overall. Humans tend to judge those who are different than them, showing a lack of understanding of a variety of culture or the disparities that makes each human different. A reality thatRead MoreRacism in the United States787 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferences between humans, attributing superiority to some according to racial roots. Even in such ethnically diverse country as the United States, racism continues evident against people of different ethnic traits and skin color. According to Steinberg (Steinberg, 1995), racial discrimination has been the most important cause of inequality between whites and blacks in the U.S. Because of that, minorities in American society have been fighting over years for equal rights and respect, starting withRead MoreMulticultural Education Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural education refers to applying various aspects of different learning styles and techniques to reach children of different racial, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Because the extent of these variations is so diverse, educationists have begun to integrate material within the classroom to ensure each child is efficiently and equally benefitting scholastically. There are some Americans however, who disagree with multicultural education; these people think that multicultural education

Federalism Federal Government of the United States and...

08 Federalism Federalism in Action Part One: The Storm The Storm: Chaos and Tragedy: Answer the following questions as you view the PBS video excerpt Chaos and Tragedy. 1. According to Frontline, what problems were caused by the following groups: o The Local and state officials? The inability to enforce laws from the federal level uniformly throughout counties o The U.S. military? Suffered problems because they had no previous experience on these situations of emergencies o FEMA? Had many issues because of no previous experience o The Government? Didn’t make it a priority right away 2. Why was the Louisiana National Guard unable to help? The headquarters were flooded also by Katrina 3. Why were rescue efforts hampered in†¦show more content†¦Before conducting your interview, please view the slide presentation of Guide to Conducting an Interview for helpful tips and guidelines. Consider the following questions for your interview: o What natural disasters are most likely to occur in your community? o What is the specific role of your agency in a disaster? o What is your personal responsibility in the event of a natural disaster? o What are the current emergency plans for the community? o Was the plan updated since Hurricane Katrina? And if so, how? If not, do you feel they should be? Why or why not? o What role do local, state, and federal governments have in the plan? o What can I or my family do to be better prepared for an emergency? What should we do during an emergency? Place your interview write up here: Option 2: Interview a friend or family member who has experienced a natural disaster. Before conducting your interview, please view the slide presentation of Guide to Conducting an Interview for helpful tips and guidelines. Consider the following questions for your interview and include at least two additional questions of your own: o What type of disaster did you experience? o When and where did this disaster occur? o What did you do to prepare for the disaster? o What steps did you take during the disaster to protect yourself or your home? o What was the experience like after the disaster? oShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Policy On Disaster Relief And Emergency Assistance Act1079 Words   |  5 PagesOne topic that is in the cross fire on debates all the time is the federal policy on disaster relief, and disaster preparedness. The federal government has programs put into place to help the victims of natural disasters, such as hurricanes and tornados. Some of these disaster relief programs are The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and The Red Cross. These programs have many policies in place, but some feelRead MoreThe And Power Of The Constitution And The Idea Of Federalism1104 Words   |  5 Pagesand the idea of Federalism. This debate is very much present in our modern day world and it presents challenges of its own. Some of these said challenges in the American federalist society include the breakdowns in communication, the extents, and limits of government vs state power and the shared powers of said parties. To begin we must address the issue of the communication breakdown in the United States. The best example I can give is the hurricane, Katrina. During this disaster, the appalling lackRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Federalism, Unitary And Confederal Systems1310 Words   |  6 PagesNational Government Fall 2017 Instructor: Douglas Rivero Analyze the pros and cons of federalism, unitary and confederal systems. Explain to me whether you believe that we should keep our federal system or whether we should abandon it in favor of a different one. Before discussing the pros and cons of different governmental systems, let’s know about the federal, unitary, and confederal systems? There are three systems of government exist today: federal, unitary, and confederal. Federal system isRead MoreGovernment Response Of Hurricane Katrina1194 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Response to Hurricane Katrina Levels of Government In my opinion, all three levels of government failed the people of New Orleans in responding to Hurricane Katrina. There was plenty of pushing the blame on one another that ended up delaying responses and finding results. It seemed like one level of government would try saying the other level of government is responsible for that role. For example, The Director of FEMA, Michael Brown would say that the local and state are in charge ofRead MoreThe Hurricane Devastation Of The United States933 Words   |  4 PagesThe massive hurricane that decimated large areas of the southeastern coast originated as a small category 1 hurricane. The state and federal government received lots of criticism for their minimal preparation and their ineffectual evacuation procedures. The storm shed light on the role of the government in natural disasters and its need for serious evaluation. During the first few hours of the storm, the Louisiana National Guard did not feel concerned about the approaching rainfall. Once membersRead More`` Six Amendments : How And Why We Should Change The Constitution1644 Words   |  7 Pages where federal law rules supreme over local and state laws. In the Printz v. United States case, two sheriffs, Printz and Mack, separately challenged the Brady Act where the Attorney General was required to establish a national instant background-check system to prevent persons with mental problems and felons from obtaining firearms. In both cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the Brady Act was unconstitutional and stated that the national government must respect the sovereignty of state governmentsRead MoreA New System Of The State Of Texas1145 Words   |  5 PagesGalveston was the leading port in the state of Texas and had a population of about 37,000 people during the 1900. Being a city on the gulf coast, getting hit by a hurricane was expect ed. Galveston has been hit with many hurricanes before but one particular hurricane almost wiped out the whole city. On September 8th, 1900, a potent hurricane producing wind up to 120 miles per hour and flooded the city with about 15 feet of water made landfall. The aftermath of the hurricane was horrific, it brokeRead MoreUS Constitution Then and Now Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States government was founded on a written set of principles known as the Constitution. There have only been 17 amendments, or changes, since ratification. While the United States has evolved with time the role and function of the government, and the way the government guarantees civil rights and liberties, has also evolved. These changes have resulted from changing or broadening of the interpretation of the constitution. Although the core of the constitution has not changed, it hasRead MoreComplicated Relationship Between the Federal, State, and Local Governments1808 Words   |  8 Pag esThe relationship between the federal government of the United States and the state and local governments is unique. This relationship in the modern age has become more interconnected and complicated than ever before. The weaknesses of American Federalism has never been as glaringly obvious as it was in the response by state, local and federal governments to the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Failures by multiple elected officials and government agencies exacerbated an already dire situation byRead MoreMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships1454 Words   |  6 PagesMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships LaShon Thomas POL 215 September 18, 2014 Dr. David Waldman Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships The founding fathers created the constitution, outlaying the branches of government and clarifying their roles and responsibilities, providing a checks and balances system. It is comprised of three branches, the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. Each state, city and county has its own

Introduction to Popular Culture-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Give a bref Introduction to Popular Culture. Answer: Domitnics An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture is an essential book for everyone interested in learning about the popular culture." The author argues that personal identity culminates in other peoples' thoughts and actions that guide their own ideas and behavior. The societal norms regulate peoples behavior and make them individuals. Domitnic states that people interact with popular culture phenomenon through influence and interaction. Access to popular culture has been revolutionized by technology such as reality TV shows and the use of smartphones to interact with the social media platforms by people. The author notes that the interactions of people from diverse cultures equip them with new culture ideas that help in defining our humanity. The ability to network and form friendship with people of different cultures depicts the importance of humanity. Interaction with popular culture enables people to share their story, narrate their culture and their aspirations; narratin g our own lives boosts our confidence and value for beliefs and norms from our cultural backgrounds. Domitnic highlights that personal life narratives are told over reality TVs and other social media mediums. This affects how people understand popular culture positively and enables them to actively engage with it. In conclusion, popular culture plays important roles in building the societys identity. Reference Domitnic, S. (2004). An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415235006, 9780415235006. pp 1-286.

LinkedIn as a Networking Media for Business

Social networking sites have become very common on the World Wide Web today (Gowel, 2011). The users of these sites are able to create individual and corporate profiles in order to search for friends, colleagues and professional assistance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on LinkedIn as a Networking Media for Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The users can be able to link up with other individuals from all walks of life within or outside their organizations. Users convey both public and private messages to many people and end up expanding their network while bringing on board a vast array of colleagues and individuals (Gowel, 2011). Unlike social websites such as Face-book, Twitter and others, which are utilized by users of all ages for socialization or common interest, LinkedIn is quite a different site, because it is mainly used in professional networking (Gowel, 2011). At the moment about forty five milli on individual professionals are using the site to share ideas, information, job opportunities and innovations (Gowel, 2011). When a user creates an account with LinkedIn, they are able to search for contacts and link up to networks, such as the â€Å"I-O practitioners† and the â€Å"SIOP network† (Gowel, 2011). LinkedIn which is a giant network has a specific objective of linking up professionals toward networking and provides options which allow them to add information to their individual and corporate profile. The information added includes, work history, specific interest and references (Gowel, 2011). The network also allows the users to get in touch and get updated with any new interesting professional information (Gowel, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More LinkedIn is years ahead of the other professional social networks which are being utilized by p rofessionals who use it to achieve their goals (Muccio, Burns Murrah, 2009). Although LinkedIn’s most valuable technical features have not materially changed since it was officially launching in the year 2003, the tangible value that the platform now provides wasn’t accessible until recently. This core, valuable functionality has the potential of changing the way organizations and individuals plan and manage their institutional and professional growth (Gowel, 2011). The site for instance, can be used to grow an organization’s employees through direct consultation and training using its platform. LinkedIn can be used to enhance revenue generation, build market share, attract investor confidence and improve employee hiring process (Gowel, 2011). Through the use of LinkedIn professionals can refine their expertise get informed on the best industrial practices in order to be empowered on how to take up bigger opportunities. It can also be used to effectively train more people to assist them to comfortably take up new skilled jobs (Gowel, 2011). It can be used to amplify the actions which are being performed at an organization by instilling new ideas and information about the best practices of handling a given management operational function of an organization (Gowel, 2011). In comparison to other social networks, LinkedIn gives a vast array of products for free and it is the best way to generate ‘leads’ and gain key ‘introductions’ for most businesses (Gowel, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on LinkedIn as a Networking Media for Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More LinkedIn allows an individual to enhance the value of his or her own relationship and work towards the growth of a personal brand (Gowel, 2011). It is a powerful platform for use by the hardworking, value-producing and ethical individuals who are not getting much out of their networks as they think they deserve to (Gowel, 2011). Such an individual always thinks that, â€Å"If people knew me and the exceptional work I am doing, I would achieve my business goals much faster.† On the other hand, if your efforts or brands have not positively impacted anybody else, LinkedIn will make your market penetration to increase (Gowel, 2011). Most features on LinkedIn are similar to those on other socials networks such as face-book. On LinkedIn, a user can list his events and invite ‘contacts’ to join the site. The site can calculate the number of people in a single individual’s profile, which then gives us an idea of how vast access LinkedIn exposes individual to (Gowel, 2011). That is to imply that, when you add one person to your network, you are also connected to their network as well, which makes LinkedIn a very powerful networking platform (Port, 2010). Another distinct feature of LinkedIn is that the site gives the user recommendation s. A user is able to give and receive written recommendations from colleagues (Port, 2010). For instance, a user may ask a former employer or co-worker to write a brief recommendation for him by sending him a link (Port, 2010). The site also allows the user to create a separate profile for their company or business, which can help to market its brands (Port, 2010). LinkedIn offers a unique feature called ‘the degree of connection’ which enables users to have ‘added individuals’ to be listed either as first, second, or third degree (Port, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More LinkedIn applications functions just like on face-book. You can link to your blog and import your blog postings (Port, 2010). You can also link your twitter account so that your information shows up on LinkedIn profile (Port, 2010). When doing a search for individuals and companies on the site you can import your contacts from popular emails programs and link them to LinkedIn (Port, 2010). You can also create groups in LinkedIn focused on a hobby, or more likely, a topic to your business (Port, 2010). In conclusion it can be noted that, LinkedIn is a networking media for business professionals. It is a tool to use in a business, career management, education, social endeavors and probably a whole lot more functions. When you are in business, you can turn the ‘contacts’ on LinkedIn to clients. This therefore indicates that, LinkedIn is a modern information communication technology platform which can be harnessed by businesses to drive the global economy to greater heights . References Gowel, D. (2011). The Power in a link: open doors, close deals, and change the way you do business using LinkedIn. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Muccio, C., Burns, D. and Murrah, P. (2009). 42 rules for 24-hour success on LinkedIn. Cupertino, California: Superstar Press. Port, M. (2010). Book Yourself Solid: the Fastest, Easiest, and Most Reliable System for Getting More Clients Than You Can Handle Even if You Hate Marketing and Selling. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. This essay on LinkedIn as a Networking Media for Business was written and submitted by user Kara Stanton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Working Mothers

Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what everyone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model of the working mom is the one most people think of when discussing working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict ... Free Essays on Working Mothers Free Essays on Working Mothers Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what everyone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model of the working mom is the one most people think of when discussing working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict ...

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England

Medieval Renaissance Monarchs of England Because Alfred the Great unified most of the various English kingdoms under one rule, the English monarchy traditionally begins with him. However, the House of Wessex, from which Alfred hailed and which served as the nucleus of the future kingdom, is sometimes considered the first royal house, with Egbert of Wessex regarded as the first king of all England; so it is included here as well. The House of Wessex 802-839: Egbert839-855: Ethelwulf855-860: Ethelbald860-866: Ethelbert866-871: Ethelred The Anglo-Saxons   871-899: Alfred the Great899-925: Edward the Elder925-939: Athelstan939-946: Edmund946-955: Edred955-959: Eadwig959-975: Edgar the Peacable975-978: Edward the Martyr978-1016: Ethelred the Unready (interrupted by Danish conquest)1016: Edmund Ironside The Danes 1014: Swein Forkbeard1016-1035: Canute the Great1035-1040: Harold Harefoot1040-1042: Harthacanute The Anglo-Saxons, Restored 1042-1066: Edward the Confessor1066: Harold II (Godwinson) The Normans 1066-1087: William I (the Conqueror)1087-1100: William II (Rufus)1100-1135: Henry I1135-1154: Stephen The Angevins (Plantaganets) 1154-1189: Henry II1189-1199: Richard I1199-1216: John1216-1272: Henry III1272-1307: Edward I1307-1327: Edward II1327-1377: Edward III1377-1399: Richard II The Lancastrians 1399-1413: Henry IV1413-1422: Henry V1422-1461: Henry VI The Yorkists 1461-1483: Edward IV1483: Edward V (never crowned)1483-1485: Richard III The Tudors 1485-1509: Henry VII1509-1547: Henry VIII1547-1553: Edward VI1553: Lady Jane Grey (queen for nine days)1553-1558: Mary I1559-1603: Elizabeth I Please note: all the individuals above can also be found through the Whos Who in Medieval History index of Royalty and the geographical index for Britain. Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission, please visit  Abouts Reprint Permissions page. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/whoswho/fl/Medieval-Renaissance-Monarchs-of-England.htm

Develop a business plan for an E-Business venture for a small online Assignment

Develop a business plan for an E-Business venture for a small online Virtual Assistant company - Assignment Example The company aims to leverage its technology in order to provide their customers with best online service experience. The company aims to transform their earnings into profits by holding the customers and turn them into repeat customers. The competitive advantage of business is that unlike the competitors, the business specializes in delivering remote office assistance in administrative capacity for professionals and corporate. There are many online advertising options available for the company to offer their products and services to people. Advertising depends on the target audience and the type of message that the business wants to deliver to its customers. Some options that are available to Virtual Assistant are Banner ads, social media and website blogs. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Market Plan 4 Market Analysis 5 Competitor Analysis 6 Advertising 8 Pricing 9 Delivery and Payment 10 Operations and Risks 10 Financial Statements 10 Timeline for E-Business Plan Project 13 Bi bliography 14 Appendices 15 Market Plan The VA or Virtual Assistant Company specializes in delivering remote office assistance in administrative capacity including maintenance and support of electronic equipments. ... The minimum number of impressions that a user has to buy is 100000. This means a banner on these popular search engines could cost around $2000-$5000 per month. The services provided by VA would vary from client requirements and hence variable pricing model may be used to price products according to different target markets and clients. Product payment will be online user registration in a secured virtual network connection that will provide safe transactions with the customers. Product deliver will be sourced via local supply chain nearest to the client’s destination market. Market Analysis Before starting an e-business for Virtual Assistant (VA) it is very important for the entrepreneur to analyze the target market. The market selection depends upon the specialization and skills of the VA. VA with multiple skill may target multiple markets where as a specialist focuses on a particular niche market. As there are no barriers in reaching customers through the internet, the VA s ervices will initially focus on local geographic areas which will minimize cost of operation. After few years the company may expand geographically depending upon client demands and services requirements. The two important target markets for the company are college students and real estate agents. While the services to students may be short term, the company will focus on long term partnership with corporate clients. The target markets may be reached through social media, internet advertisements such as banners or through website blogs. The company aims to leverage its technology in order to provide their customers with best online service experience. The company aims to transform their earnings into profits by

Who Has Had the Biggest Influence on You and Why Essay - 2

Who Has Had the Biggest Influence on You and Why - Essay Example My mother influences my life greatly. She holds a job that compels her to spend long hours at her workplace, thus gets home late in the night. However, she ensures that she spends quality time with her family. She wakes up when we wake up in the morning, regardless of the short time she gets to sleep. She prepares the entire family for their day, which makes her get quality time with her family in the morning. During this time, she enquires of any problems we could be facing, and she gives advice accordingly. Therefore, she gets to maintain close bonds with her family, despite her tight schedule. This motivates me to engage in as many activities as I can, so long as I manage my time wisely.  One of my friends was hospitalized at the end of last year. I organized a number of friends and we went to visit him at the hospital. He had been involved in a car accident that injured his head. I also took the opportunity to find out the state of the medical bill. Given a large amount of mone y involved, I proposed a scheme to raise money for the friend. The plan allowed us to seek help from friends and relatives, thus helping us to support our friend financially.  This happens many times when we meet with my friends to discuss various assignments that we have to complete to fulfill academic requirements. We form a group, and then give our various contributions to the issue in question. We use the available literature to help us manage the assignment, as well as the internet. Such groups make it easy to excel in school as the discussions enable an individual to complete their assignment accordingly.  I believe in the success of a consultancy business because it is not affected adversely by, such factors as economic downturns. Such a business involves giving advice to people in the various ways they can use to approach problems in their organizations, businesses, or even daily life.

Environment Influences Essay Example for Free

Environment Influences Essay There is a belief among experts that everyone is born as a blank slate. We do not know anything about the world and those around us and we spend our childhood years learning, emulating, adjusting, and finally creating our individual personas based on these experiences. Now the main question being asked by the other experts these days is â€Å"Does the environment influence people?† The environment has an effect on a person in more ways than one can fare imagine. My argument is that the environment does influence people, children most specifically, by building character and freethinking. We can also view the influence of the environment on people in terms of scientific and sociological aspects. In more scientific terms, one can say that an environment is based on the physical, geographic, biological, social, cultural, and political conditions that a person has to deal with on a daily basis and learns to equip himself regarding how best to handle those situations. In terms of society links, the environment has a direct bearing on how lives and societies evolve. People, progress, development, and the environment are like an inter-linking chain where all of these varied aspects converge to form a new form of thinking or character in a person. In terms of childhood development, we can safely say that the environment has the heaviest influence over a child. A child’s environment is not the same as in his home environment where everything is controlled by his parents. Even though parents may raise and rear a child in the best way they know how, that is not the environment that influences him the most because he spends most of his time outside the house. The environment outside the house is where the child begins to develop his character and sense of ones self. Outside the home, a child tries to become part of and to identify himself with a peer group. A child does this by allowing himself to be influenced by the people around him and following their examples and making it suit their own individual needs. . His environment also influences the culture of a child. Culture, is something that a person must experience first hand in order to learn from it. Therefore, since you have to live in order to experience culture, one can consider culture to be a transmission from the environment of the child or adult. Just like influence, culture is passed on from person to person. Even though parents try to provide the â€Å"right† environment for their children, the simple truth is that there is no â€Å"right† anything. The environment will influence the child no matter how you try to control it because a parent can only do so much to influence the child who spends most of his time outside the home. Of course, aside from children, the environment that they interact in can also influence adults. The social environment of a person dictates the way he shall conduct himself in public. There are a large majority of studies that support the argument that the environment does greatly influence the personality of people because the way his environ ment views his physical appearance will determine how he will act out in public. It is this belief that has most experts, such as doctors and mental health professionals debating various theories regarding the mental development of people. Certain theorists are of the opinion that the environment a person grows up in has a direct effect on his mental health and mental development. So there must be a concentration on the environmental development of a person’s mind. So what do these developments and studies about how the environment influences people tell us? It tells us a number of major things. First of all, the environment is not just located in one localized place. It also cannot be in a controlled space for long. The environment of children proves to be a very delicate and intricate part of growing up. The environment of a person directly influences the mental development, and personality of the child or adult. Secondly, the social environment of an individual influences his behavior as these so called â€Å"norms† show us how to act and how to have other people treat us. It is this social influence that trains a person to conform, comply, and follow the dictated norms of the environment he exists in. Yes, the environment does have a direct influence on a person. The direct influence of the environment on people cannot be measured in terms of quantity. This topic is so vast and highly debatable that it will take more than a three page essay with which to defend my stand. Therefore, I would like to conclude my essay on the following note. Each man is placed in an environment where he will best grow as a person. Be it in youth of maturity, that person will have an equal amount of exposure to good and bad environments. The choice of which environment he will allow to influence him solely depends on greatly influenced he is by the environment and his peers. The influence of the environment ends when the person makes the conscious decision to follow a certain path for himself be it in along the path of his environment or in an opposite direction. At the end of all this, the environment gave the individual a unique personality and coping ability that is designed to best help him navigate the perils of his environment. An environment will only influence a person as far as he is willing to be influenced. Everything else pertaining to influencing the individual mentally, socially, and emotionally are all conscious decisions made by the person him or herself based upon the influences of his immediate and past environments Games and Violence Computer games have seriously caught the attention of Mass Media and nowadays every channel considers its duty to remind people how much damage these games cause to children and adults. The increasing amount of games with violent scenes sock the society and makes it very aware of them.It is already common knowledge that violent games cause violence in people. This fact is not even doubted by the majority of people. Every other person says that the reason lies in games being too close to reality. The opinion that games make violent actions normal for the player and therefore make the player pitiless can be often heard. In this case the game is the cause of violence and the act of violence by itself is a consequence. And can real-life violence exist in the reality of a game? Is the transfer of the definition of â€Å"violence† with all its peculiarities from one world to another justified only according to the external similarity of these two worlds? Games originally are entertainment. Contemporary games are very realistic and for this reason they are a source of great experience for the player and develop the imagination. Games are entertainment and even more then that. In addition, the statistics of the New York University lead by Green and Bavelier claim that the player preferring active games get an improvement of some types of brain activity, related to processing of visual information. In particular, game players cope with problems of simultaneously tracking several moving objects at the average level of 30% better then people who do not play active computer video games. The â€Å"gaming† violent experience may not be the cause of violent behavior in reality. None of the playi ng experience will become the priority in making important decisions concerning problems in real life. A game is an abstraction. A player gets abstract tasks and acts according to abstract rules.Games are also the possibility to be however a person wants to be and to rest from the outside world for some time. But what if a person gets so much excited with the game scenes that he becomes violent in reality? Then, it proves that the games cause people to become violent. Let us stop for a moment right at this point. Those who do not participate in this type of activity usually make the conclusion of presence of violence in the game-world. Nobody will ever hear this kind of statement from those who play, from those who know the rules of the game and understand that it is just a virtual world. A psychologically healthy person will never confuse or connect these two different worlds. A game is a virtual world with visual images very similar to human. These images represent by themselves nothing but simple playing obstacles. A game may potentially give the opportunity to â€Å"destroy the obstacles† that may not be destroyed according to the rules but it is more about personal choice whether to do it or not. This leads us to the conclusion that violence is not a consequence but the cause. People who are originally prone to violence may get irritated by games and perform violence in the â€Å"real world†. But in this case violence in games is a simple justification of the violent nature of the player. Is a College Degree Necessary to Become Successful The value of higher education cannot be underestimated considering the contemporary realities of the competitive marketplace. A higher education degree literally serves as the first impression of a jobseeker applying for employment. Namely a college degree is a person’s pass to the business world and so work-related opportunities are enormous. Truth is, college degrees are never the same if we take into account the reputation of higher establishment as well as the prestige of a particular field of studies. The today’s holders of college degrees have unprecedented opportunities of job search since the employment market has largely expanded throughout on-line domain offering freelance and part-time vacancies. Though, in both real and virtual employment, it is always a person’s CV (resume) that is initially considered by employer and in 95% of cases the inclusion of college degree is a must to get a well-paid job. The abovementioned proves that college degree always pays off, and therefore this essay aims to discuss the present-day realities in due respect. Overall, college education provides students with appropriate knowledge and skills to be used later in real life circumstances and working environment. At that career choices do not matter since the contemporary market is vast and enormous. In particular, college education enables students to gain preliminary information about many essential aspects required to cope with real-life challenges. At that students expand their knowledge and acquire practical skills by grasping abstract theories and concepts. A college curriculum teaches students how to clearly express personal standpoints and opinions both in conversation and writing. In most cases students acquire global thinking as well as that relevant to the solution of specific problems. Furthermore, students learn how to work in teams and solve tasks in cooperation; this enables to establish team spirit and ability to make personal contribution to overall mutual achievement. Various case studies based on real-life experiences teach students to better presume and therefore adapt to further complexities. To this end, it goes without saying that a college degree always means more employment opportunities since it is the identification of one’s academic qualification. In comparison, high school education is not enough to meet the ongoing challenges of today’s market place, and therefore the overwhelming majority of jobs require a college degree. In addition to the expanded job opportunities, a bachelor’s degree means higher earning prospects compare to a person with a high school diploma. Therefore, our earnings initially depend on the quality of diploma we receive, and to a great extent college marks (grades) may be compared to the monthly salary rate in the future In actual fact, there is a problem concerning studying at a college. College education does not depend only on student’s talent, successfulness or willingness to study. The cost of education is therefore high issue on the agenda which indicates the affordability of college education. Many students cannot afford college education due to various reasons and/or particular life conditions. Hence, most students rely on loans and/or other means of financial aid to afford their college courses. Apart from financial reasons, of course, the initial factor is high self-motivation to study at college. Whenever there is no family tradition or lack of overall interest, or nobody to recommend college education, a young person may easily opt for other (alternative) choices. In addition to this, college education a ssumes preliminary determination meaning that a person should choose a single subject area (law; medicine; architecture) to master in college and therefore build his/her career. However, the initial indecisiveness does not mean a student should know everything in advance. A college education is therefore designated to provide a student with proper and substantial knowledge and skills; nevertheless, the major direction should be chosen well in advance. One other initial problem is that young people mistakenly assume that a college education is rather difficult. To this end, it is worthy to note that studying at college involves student support and tutoring. Most western colleges are equipped with the necessary technological devices and easily accessible academic database to assist students while performing their assignments. Certainly, there are alternatives (e.g. community colleges) to four-year colleges that provide sufficient level of education, though only bachelor’s and master’s degrees are genuinely valued on the competitive marketplace, and therefore most students try to complete their education at four-year colleges (College Board, 2008) . Considering the aforementioned, the most important issue on the contemporary agenda would be not the importance of a college degree as such, but its real quality. This is actually the root answer to the problem of why some people are becoming more successful, while others not. Specifically, the quality of a college degree indicates that college graduates obtained certain amount of knowledge and managed to process and, most importantly, absorb it. A core subject, such as law or medicine whatever, requires proper understanding, a contribution of solid amount of time and additional resources to make it a future profession that would bring profits. This is to ay a college degree as such is not the panacea in a working world. A proper college diploma therefore assumes that a college graduate is able to prove it with a certain extent of academic knowledge. Regarding practical skills, they are further acquired within internship, practice and actually working environment. Many people, howeve r, fail to prove their knowledge acquired during college years with practical skills and therefore are made to change profession/occupation. Historically education has been regarded as a key to prosperity, and college system of education starting from the 17th century has proved this approach to be right. Also, throughout historical evolution, conventionally males have gained better education compared to females. However, times have changed and starting from the second half of the 20th century the situation has been equalizing. The today’s working environment is highly diverse providing vast opportunities to the qualified specialists and therefore knowledge has been regarded as a decisive factor. Religious, sex, colour, socio-cultural diversities are more and more eliminated since companies need qualified college graduates that can prove their knowledge in practical conditions. This is the way most companies win a competitive advantage for qualified employees are regarded as an invaluable asset by most corporations. Such fair treatment based on professional qualities rather than individual features is reasonable an d justified. Based on qualifications, there is hardly any difference between pay rates; nonetheless, in most industries men still earn more than women. This indicates that discriminatory issues are more and more tolerated and the quality of education approved by a college degree is a real value at the contemporary marketplace (Leonhardt, 2008). One more aspect to consider is the vast employment opportunities accessible to college graduates. The point is that the modern world has become flexible and changing as never before. Internet and cutting-edge technologies indicate the permanent progress and thus success is now associated with s permanent change. Successful people permanently adjust to changing circumstances and diverse environments to reap most benefits. Thereafter, the work-related relationships between employees and employers have also altered dramatically. There are millions of freelance job opportunities enabling people to work form the comfort of their home and rationally maintain work-life balance. To keep workforce loyal most companies need to establish flexible working practices, including part-time jobs, paternity leaves, childcare leaves, swapping shits etc. Therefore, HR departments lessen work stress and enable their employees to lead reasonable (normal) lives. In addition to this, employees are granted with numerous bonuses and incentives that often serve as sound motivators to keep loyal to the corporate policies (Walton, 1985). Due discussion might be continued and further expanded – though the core theme remains the same – only proper extent of knowledge and skills approved by a college degree enable a person to change jobs and seek better option for career-building and professional advancement. A college degree is a precious asset we use during lifetime to properly build up our professional growth and development. Therefore, whenever there is a chance, a person should use four college years to acquire this asset and ensure his/her further career prospects. As a rule, college graduates make social strata regarded as elite and many of them are becoming very successful to donate money to charities and therefore reduce poverty. Hence, knowledge brings profit and profit is used for prosperity. In the 21st century this particular formula should be applied in all walks of life to make the world a better place. 1. Argumentative Topic (Alcohol danger for under age drinking) Alcohol addiction is largely featured by general tolerance for alcohol with periodically increasing amounts to achieve the same degree of satisfaction, having a persistent desire or the inability to lower the amount of consumed dozes, and continuing consuming great amounts of alcohol despite realizing that the habit causes physical, psychological and socio-economic problems. Such dependence is much intensified during the teenage period (13-19 years) when young organism acquires negative effects that eventually destroys the rest of a person’s life. Alcohol addiction is mostly featured by psychological and physical dependence on daily basis. Hence, physiological, behavioral and cognitive perceptions are mainly centered on alcohol rather other life values. Alcohol desire is deemed a central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome (Mental Health Matters, 2005). In addition, alcohol dependence is featured by irresistible desire or compulsion to frequent alcohol takings, and consequently difficulty to control alcohol-taking behavior including post-consumption consequences; disregard of outer difficulties caused by enormous alcohol consumption. As is proved by numerous under-age examples of alcohol consumption and addiction, the dependence syndrome is mostly revealed in either alcohol taking or a desire to take alcohol (Mental Health Matters, 2005). The need for alcohol is present when a person craves alcohol and cannot limit actual amounts or whenever a drinker enlarges alcohol consumption to feel high. Then, this state is called alcoholism which is particular to the majority of drinkers who practiced alcohol consumption during the underage stage. Differences between men and women at their workplace Introduction: A very important issue concerning diversity is the difference between men and women at workplace. As the matter of international experience of hiring people it is very important to point out that there have been a great number of cases connected with discrimination. We consider this to be a vital problem even nowadays, in spite of the change of the reasons for discrimination. If in the past it was a major problem for women to find a job and to prove that they can provide results equal to men, in the present time the situation has quiet changed. In addition to that women start getting benefits and are sometimes the only possible employees for a given workplace. Women establish a very strong emotional contact with the client; at the same time they are treated as being less professional than their male colleagues. Male workers according to the opinion of the employers are more rational. They complement and substitute the women’s emotional â€Å"contamination† by the rational aspect of the matter they are working with. Due to this employers sometimes prefer to eliminate either the â€Å"emotional†, or the â€Å"rational† factor and put â€Å"labels† on the employees taking their gender as an evaluating criterion. But nowadays everything has changed and men and women perform each other’s work excellently. We have observed in practice this difference, when a job, considered to be a â€Å"male job† was done perfectly by a woman but did not get the well-earned recognition in the company. One of the psychological reasons for that, as we assume, is the incapability of the authorities of the company to deal with a stereotype and change their ways according to the changing world around them. So therefore, it is the lack of flexibility. Women nevertheless are treated with a higher loyalty in any decent company. And sometimes their work results may be viewed as just needing some correction in comparison to the same work presented by men that would be considered wrong. But all these are exaggerated examples. The cultural component of this issue should be taken in count, too. For example is we take a black male and a white woman we may meet with a â€Å"special† treatment to the first one, due to the company’s respect and desire to show that they do not have any racial prejudices. We, believe, that the difference between men and women still exists and women and the quality of their work nowadays displace men. Nevertheless, we have examined another opinion that concerns women. Rose Mary Wentling suggested another point of view on the differences between men and women at workplace. The author asserts that women are still experiencing difficulties in their workplaces. The main arguments that are brought are the next: women are not given the standard of work performance when they apply for a â€Å"male† job, therefore do not get the detailed and clear picture of their involvement; women are not included in all the kinds of communication throughout a company; women lack the opportunity to †grow, develop, and contribute to company profitability†. According to this point of view women are not given the opportunity to introduce their ideas and innovations to the company’s functioning. But the main issue to work on is that the expectations of the employers concerning women are different than the ones concerning men. Conclusion: Women are ready to travel and move and relocate, and to make â€Å"the same commitment to the company as men aspiring to leadership positions† due to the reassessment of the woman’s role in the society. Analyzing this different point of view we came to a conclusion that both men and women face gender difficulties at any kind of job. So therefore we consider providing them with equal conditional vital for the benefit of the company itself in the first place. A modern company should not pay attention to the gender attribute. Both men and women need to have career advancement opportunities and counseling. Men and women are potential employees of any company, no matter what position we are talking about. From with combination of two points of view we get an understanding that both men and women have examples of being not treated properly at their workplace in spite of having the required skills for the place. And it is not possible to say that either men or women are facing greater difficulties in their professional lives. So it can be said that the difference did not disappear, but it is not a single-sided issue. Dorm life vs. Home life Almost every young person entering the period of college education faces the necessity to leave home and to live in the on-campus dormitory. The on-campus dormitories have been â€Å"survived† by many people and some of them have absolutely opposing opinions. The change from home to dorm life can be called one of the most important event in the life of any young person first of all because it is the first extreme life change and also because the consequences are still unknown. Home life and dorm life represent two different ways of living in different conditions. Nevertheless they have their similarities and differences that can be seen only after a deep analysis of the issue. The choice between home life and domestic life can lead to complete transformation of the life of a young man. On-campus life inevitably affects the life of the person and along with home life have their pros and cons. On-campus dormitories may be a pleasant experience for one person and a terrible test for another one. For some people dorm living is a necessity. There are several objective facts concerning dorm living. First of all any individual living at the dorm will have to face the necessity sometimes to live together with up to three students. Only those individuals who have an exclusive position within the university may count on having a room without roommates. The quality of the beds sometimes requires repair and the closet very often cannot fit in all the belonging of the roommates. The dorm does not provide the individuals with an actual kitchen and has small space for refrigerating food. The dorm offers public baths which are not comfortable under any condition. The next fact is about one of the most important ones – the dorm cuts individual space to its possible minimum as the person can hardly ever be alone. Another aspect of the dorm living is that the individual can make a lot of friends and find a lot of people who have the same interests. At the same time dorm living sometimes leads to early sexual intercourses and a false â€Å"feeling of complete independence†. Home living is another option sometimes chosen by young people. First of all home living proved the student with the possibility to get healthy food, freshly cooked on a normal kitchen. The fact that the meal can be actually cooked is a plus for the saving in the individual’s budget. Home living requires having personal chores and complete responsibility for the place the person lives in. As for personal hygiene at home, it is private and the individual can spend as much time on it as he desires. Home living guarantees the fact that people come to visit the person most often under the condition of a beforehand notice. The individual may do whatever he feels like doing and not get involved in activities he has no actually desire for. In other words, home living requires a lot of responsibilities but at the same time offers personal space and the opportunity to relax, study or work any time of the day. Home and dorm living have a lot of contrasts such as: food, privacy, hygiene, leisure, etc. and similarities such as certain expenses required for living. If to compare home living to dorm living a few fact are worth of mentioning. In home living the individual has at least one full room which is completely under his â€Å"jurisdiction†. Home living offers all the required personal space and the individual’s movement within the house are not limited as they are in the dormitory. The dormitory does not have a comfortable bed and also the individual cannot equip everything in the most suitable manner for him. A home living individual has all the required space for his belonging and an equipped kitchen to cook food. Nevertheless, in the dorm the food expenses can be spited among the roommates. The dorm’s public bath has obvious disadvantages as compared to a private home bath. Also home, as compared to dorm living provides more individual space as the person at home still has time to be alone and in the dorm it is practically impossible. If the person does not want to party all the time, home living is the best option. In order to conclude it is important to say that the basic differences between the dorm living and home living are the individual interests of the person and his aims in life. If dorm living is a necessity for one individual but he has a high motivated for education – dorm living will not change anything. And at the same time if a individual without motivation is a subject of home living there is no guarantee that all these personal space and freedom will lead to a better future. Therefore the main factor here is the personality of the dweller.

Authoritarianism: Prevail, or Not? Essay -- Government Political Scie

â€Å"History proves that all dictatorships, all authoritarian forms of government are transient. Only democratic systems are not transient. Whatever the shortcomings, mankind has not devised anything superior,† Vladimir Putin once said this. With such a view of authoritarianism, there would be assumption that the entire world is on its way to seek such democracy if it is such a clear, correct choice. However, nothing is ever so simple, and this is not the case. In this essay I will take a look at how authoritarianism fails, as well as why it is able to prevail is some areas. Authoritarian forms of government do sometimes fail. The reasons for such failure include the public’s dissatisfaction with the current governmental regime, the emergence of relevant opposition, political negotiation with elites, the physical location as well as history of freedom in a given nation, and the deserting of the authoritarian leader. While there are legitimate reasons for nondemocratic regime failure and there have been great moves toward a more democratic world, there are also reasons authoritarianism is able to sustain and survive in some cases. The fairly recent back-slipping from democratic rule to nondemocratic rule, or authoritarianism, is contingent on many factors. Factors ranging from a state’s mineral wealth, to its history of repression, to the fact many new democracies are small and weak allow nondemocratic regimes to sustain and prevail in certain states. One of the first steps in the failure of authoritarianism is public dissatisfaction. There must be people within the state that are not content with the way the nondemocratic regime is governing. This sort of disapproval sets in motion a movement toward the breakdown of t... ...to represent the public interests. So, elites cash in on the resources while letting the rest of the nation suffer. Governments evolve and change all of the time. What makes a state fail or prevail as nondemocratic depends on very many things. And, although we cannot be sure what is to come for a given nation unquestionably, this paper is an overview of some basic, guiding tendencies and situations that cause a state to either fail or prevail as an authoritarian regime. Only time will tell what is truly in store for the world governing systems. Works Cited O'Neil, Patrick H., and Ronald Rogowski. "Chapterb6." Essential Readings in Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. 205-41. Print. O'Neil, Patrick H. "Chapter 6, Chapter 8." Essentials of Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &, 2007. 141-162+. Print. Authoritarianism: Prevail, or Not? Essay -- Government Political Scie â€Å"History proves that all dictatorships, all authoritarian forms of government are transient. Only democratic systems are not transient. Whatever the shortcomings, mankind has not devised anything superior,† Vladimir Putin once said this. With such a view of authoritarianism, there would be assumption that the entire world is on its way to seek such democracy if it is such a clear, correct choice. However, nothing is ever so simple, and this is not the case. In this essay I will take a look at how authoritarianism fails, as well as why it is able to prevail is some areas. Authoritarian forms of government do sometimes fail. The reasons for such failure include the public’s dissatisfaction with the current governmental regime, the emergence of relevant opposition, political negotiation with elites, the physical location as well as history of freedom in a given nation, and the deserting of the authoritarian leader. While there are legitimate reasons for nondemocratic regime failure and there have been great moves toward a more democratic world, there are also reasons authoritarianism is able to sustain and survive in some cases. The fairly recent back-slipping from democratic rule to nondemocratic rule, or authoritarianism, is contingent on many factors. Factors ranging from a state’s mineral wealth, to its history of repression, to the fact many new democracies are small and weak allow nondemocratic regimes to sustain and prevail in certain states. One of the first steps in the failure of authoritarianism is public dissatisfaction. There must be people within the state that are not content with the way the nondemocratic regime is governing. This sort of disapproval sets in motion a movement toward the breakdown of t... ...to represent the public interests. So, elites cash in on the resources while letting the rest of the nation suffer. Governments evolve and change all of the time. What makes a state fail or prevail as nondemocratic depends on very many things. And, although we cannot be sure what is to come for a given nation unquestionably, this paper is an overview of some basic, guiding tendencies and situations that cause a state to either fail or prevail as an authoritarian regime. Only time will tell what is truly in store for the world governing systems. Works Cited O'Neil, Patrick H., and Ronald Rogowski. "Chapterb6." Essential Readings in Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. 205-41. Print. O'Neil, Patrick H. "Chapter 6, Chapter 8." Essentials of Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &, 2007. 141-162+. Print.

Fuzzy Logic

Overview The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4] [edit]Degrees of truth Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar – both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 – but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretations—see interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to â€Å"degrees of truth†, while probabilistic logic corresponds to â€Å"probability, likelihood†; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. edit]Applying truth values A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three â€Å"truth values†Ã¢â‚¬â€one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as â€Å"not hot†. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as â€Å"slightly warm† and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) â€Å"fairly cold†. [edit]Linguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. [edit]Example Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no â€Å"ELSE† – all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be â€Å"cold† and â€Å"normal† at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 – truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as â€Å"very†, or â€Å"somewhat†, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. [edit]Logical analysis In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of â€Å"fuzzy logic†; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. edit]Propositional fuzzy logics The most important propositional fuzzy logics are: Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka's logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. edit]Predicate fuzzy logics These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. [edit]Decidability issues f or fuzzy logic The notions of a â€Å"decidable subset† and â€Å"recursively enumerable subset† are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : S? N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement –s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann's paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godel’s theorems to fuzzy logic. [edit]Fuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova's dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fukami model or t he GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. [edit]Comparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues[citation needed] that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims[citation needed] to have proven a derivation of Bayes' theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. [6]) [edit]See also Logic portal Thinking portal Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classification Fuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic [edit]Notes ^ Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 ^ â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets†, Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. ^ James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 431. ^ Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 ^ Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and Systems 156 ( 2005) 341—348. [edit]Bibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B. C. (2010). â€Å"Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis†. Applied Soft Computing 10 (3): 926–937. Biacino, L. ; Gerla, G. (2002). â€Å"Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness†. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7): 643–667. doi:10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook: a practitioner's guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. Boston: AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). â€Å"Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics†. Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (1): 137–162. doi:10. 2178/jsl/1140641166. ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). â€Å"Fuzzy logic and arithmetical hierarchy†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8): 359–363. doi:10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). Reasoning about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank; Klawonn, F. ; Kruse, R. ; Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis: methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. Klir, George J. ; Folger, Tina A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-345984-5. Klir, George J. ; St Clair, Ute H. ; Yuan, Bo (1997). Fuzzy set theory: foundations and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133410587. Klir, George J. ; Yuan, Bo (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-101171-5. Kosko, Bart (1993). Fuzzy thinking: the new science of fuzzy logic. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8021-X. Kosko, Bart; Isaka, Satoru (July 1993). â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Scientific American 269 (1): 76–81. doi:10. 1038/scientificamerican0793-76. Montagna, F. (2001). â€Å"Three complexity problems in quantified fuzzy logic†. Studia Logica 68 (1): 143–152. doi:10. 1023/A:1011958407631. ISSN 0039-3215. Mundici, Daniele; Cignoli, Roberto; D'Ottaviano, Itala M. L. (1999). Algebraic foundations of many-valued reasoning. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-6009-5. Novak, Vilem (1989). Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications. Bristol: Adam Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-583-4. Novak, Vilem (2005). â€Å"On fuzzy type theory†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 149 (2): 235–273. doi:10. 1016/j. fss. 2004. 03. 027. Novak, Vilem; Perfilieva, Irina; Mockor, Jiri (1999). Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0. Onses, Richard (1996). Second Order Experton: A new Tool for Changing Paradigms in Country Risk Calculation. ISBN 8477195587. Onses, Richard (1994). Determination de l? incertitude inherente aux investissements en Amerique Latine sur la base de la theorie des sous ensembles flous. Barcelona. ISBN 8447508811. Passino, Kevin M. ; Yurkovich, Stephen (1998). Fuzzy control. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 020118074X. Pedrycz, Witold; Gomide, Fernando (2007). Fuzzy systems engineering: Toward Human-Centerd Computing. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978047178857-7. Pu, Pao Ming; Liu, Ying Ming (1980). â€Å"Fuzzy topology. I. Neighborhood structure of a fuzzy point and Moore-Smith convergence†. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 76 (2): 571–599. doi:10. 1016/0022-247X(80)90048-7. ISSN 0022-247X Santos, Eugene S. (1970). â€Å"Fuzzy Algorithms†. Information and Control 17 (4): 326–339. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(70)80032-8. Scarpellini, Bruno (1962). â€Å"Die Nichaxiomatisierbarkeit des unendlichwertigen Pradikatenkalkuls von Lukasiewicz†. Journal of Symbolic Logic (Association for Symbolic Logic) 27 (2): 159–170. doi:10. 2307/2964111. ISSN 0022-4812. JSTOR 2964111. Steeb, Willi-Hans (2008). The Nonlinear Workbook: Chaos, Fractals, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Gene Expression Programming, Support Vector Machine, Wavelets, Hidden Markov Models, Fuzzy Logic with C++, Java and SymbolicC++ Programs: 4edition. World Scientific. ISBN 981-281-852-9. Wiedermann, J. (2004). â€Å"Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines†. Theor. Comput. Sci. 317 (1-3): 61–69. doi:10. 1016/j. tcs. 2003. 12. 004. Yager, Ronald R. ; Filev, Dimitar P. (1994). Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01761-2. Van Pelt, Miles (2008). Fuzzy Logic Applied to Daily Life. Seattle, WA: No No No No Press. ISBN 0-252-16341-9. Wilkinson, R. H. (1963). â€Å"A method of generating functions of several variables using analog diode logic†. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers 12 (2): 112–129. doi:10. 1109/PGEC. 1963. 263419. Zadeh, L. A. (1968). â€Å"Fuzzy algorithms†. Information and Control 12 (2): 94–102. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(68)90211-8. ISSN 0019-9958. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). â€Å"Fuzzy sets†. Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X. ISSN 0019-9958. Zemankova-Leech, M. (1983). Fuzzy Relational Data Bases. Ph. D. Dissertation. Florida State University. Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5. 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Payroll: Salary and Union Dues O.t.

NOVEMBER 20 PAYROLL Glo-Brite Paint Company Employee List 11/20/– Emp. Employee Soc. Sec. / # Pay G. L. Salary/ No. Name/Address Mar. Stat. Periods Acct. Rate 100 BONNO, Anthony Victor 537-10-3481 26 5417. 5 694 Bristol Avenue Married Philadelphia, PA 19135-0617 W/H 4 110 FERGUSON, James Claude 486-03-8645 26 53 2250. 00 808 Sixth Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19106-0995 W/H 5 120 FORD, Catherine Louise 213-09-4567 26 52 900. 0 18 Dundee Avenue Single Philadelphia, PA 19151-1919 W/H 2 130 MANN, Dewey Wilson 282-37-9352 26 53 1350. 00 3007 Bisque Drive Married Philadelphia, PA 19199-0718 W/H 0 140 O'NEILL, Joseph Tyler 897-04-1534 26 51 2307. 9 2100 Broad Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19121-7189 W/H 3 150 RUSSELL, Virginia Aloise 314-21-6337 26 52 690. 00 8004 Dowling Road Single Philadelphia, PA 19135-9001 W/H 2 160 RYAN, Norman Allen 526-23-1233 26 5418. 0 7300 Harrison Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19124-6699 W/H 4 170 SOKOWSKI, Thomas James 662-04-8832 26 5 4 2050. 00 133 Cornwells Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19171-5718 W/H 2 180 STUDENT 555-55-5555 26 52 7. 0 7018 Erdrick Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19135-8517 W/H 1 190 WILLIAMS, Ruth Virginia 518-30-6741 26 52 1223. 08 9433 State Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19149-0819 W/H 0 Emp. Employee Soc. Sec. / # Pay G. L. Salary/ No. Name/Address Mar. Stat. Periods Acct.Rate 200 WOODS, Beth Anne 724-03-1587 26 52 1200. 00 8102 Franklin Court Single Philadelphia, PA 19105-0915 W/H 1 Glo-Brite Paint Company Payroll Report 11/20/– Current Quarterly Yearly 100-BONNO, Anthony Victor Gross Pay 1129. 60 5471. 50 16793. 0 54-Plant FIT 84. 80 894. 80 Married Acct. 54 SIT 34. 68 167. 98 515. 57 W/H 4 537-10-3481 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 70. 04 339. 23 1041. 19 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 16. 38 79. 33 243. 50 Salary CIT 44. 39 215. 02 659. 97 Hourly Rate 17. 65 Group Ins. 16. 50 33. 00 177. 80 Reg. Hours 64. 00 Union Dues 8. 00 32. 00 104. 00 O. T.Hours Simple Plan Check Number 7 03 Employee SUTA 1. 02 4. 93 15. 12 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 938. 59 4515. 21 13141. 55 110-FERGUSON, James Claude Gross Pay 2250. 00 9000. 00 32125. 00 53-Sales FIT 49. 62 423. 48 2714. 48 Married Acct. 53 SIT 69. 08 276. 32 986. 26 W/H 5 486-03-8645 Soc.Sec. —OASDI 139. 50 558. 00 1991. 75 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 32. 63 130. 52 465. 83 Salary 2250. 00 CIT 88. 43 353. 72 1262. 53 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 26. 40 52. 80 185. 10 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 500. 00 500. 00 500. 00 Check Number 704 Employee SUTA 2. 03 8. 12 28. 93 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1342. 1 6697. 04 23990. 12 120-FORD, Catherine Louise Gross Pay 900. 00 3600. 00 9900. 00 52-Office FIT 45. 27 181. 08 820. 08 Single Acct. 52 SIT 27. 63 110. 52 303. 93 W/H 2 213-09-4567 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 55. 80 223. 20 613. 80 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 13. 05 52. 20 143. 55 Salary 900. 00 CIT 35. 37 141. 8 389. 07 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 10. 50 21. 00 58. 80 Reg. Hours U nion Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 705 Employee SUTA 0. 81 3. 24 8. 91 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 711. 57 2867. 28 7561. 86 Current Quarterly Yearly 130-MANN, Dewey Wilson Gross Pay 1350. 00 5400. 00 10800. 00 53-Sales FIT 57. 0 188. 84 520. 84 Married Acct. 53 SIT 41. 45 165. 80 331. 58 W/H 0 282-37-9352 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 83. 70 334. 80 669. 60 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 19. 58 78. 32 156. 62 Salary 1350. 00 CIT 53. 06 212. 24 424. 46 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 15. 90 31. 80 63. 30 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 250. 00 250. 00 250. 0 Check Number 706 Employee SUTA 1. 22 4. 88 9. 74 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 827. 69 4133. 32 8373. 86 140-O'NEILL, Joseph Tyler Gross Pay 2307. 69 9230. 76 51923. 03 51-Administrative FIT 70. 38 596. 52 6712. 52 Married Acct. 51 SIT 70. 85 283. 40 1594. 05 W/H 3 897-04-1534 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 143. 08 572. 32 3219. 24 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 33. 46 133. 84 752. 88 Salary 2307. 9 CIT 90. 6 9 362. 76 2040. 57 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 27. 00 54. 00 256. 50 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 700. 00 700. 00 700. 00 Check Number 707 Employee SUTA 2. 08 8. 32 46. 74 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1170. 15 6519. 60 36600. 53 150-RUSSELL, Virginia Aloise Gross Pay 672. 4 2725. 88 8965. 88 52-Office FIT 11. 60 92. 86 734. 86 Single Acct. 52 SIT 20. 66 83. 68 275. 24 W/H 2 314-21-6337 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 41. 72 169. 00 555. 88 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 9. 76 39. 54 130. 02 Salary 690. 00 CIT 26. 45 107. 14 352. 37 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 8. 10 16. 20 47. 70 Reg. Hours Union Dues O.T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 708 Employee SUTA 0. 61 2. 46 8. 08 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 554. 04 2215. 00 6861. 73 160-RYAN, Norman Allen Gross Pay 1440. 00 5976. 00 20661. 30 54-Plant FIT 7. 27 118. 38 1188. 38 Married Acct. 54 SIT 44. 21 183. 47 634. 1 W/H 4 526-23-1233 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 89. 28 370. 51 1281. 00 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 20. 88 86. 65 299. 59 Salary CIT 56. 59 234. 85 811. 98 Hourly Rate 18. 00 Group Ins. 16. 80 33. 60 197. 30 Reg. Hours 80. 00 Union Dues 8. 00 32. 00 104. 00 O. T. Hours Simple Plan 200. 00 200. 00 200. 00 Check Number 709 Employee SUTA 1. 30 5. 39 18. 1 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 995. 67 4711. 15 15926. 13 Current Quarterly Yearly 170-SOKOWSKI, Thomas James Gross Pay 2050. 00 8200. 00 24850. 00 54-Plant FIT 255. 46 826. 50 2828. 50 Single Acct. 54 SIT 62. 94 251. 76 762. 92 W/H 2 662-04-8832 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 127. 10 508. 40 1540. 70 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 29. 3 118. 92 360. 35 Salary 2050. 00 CIT 80. 57 322. 28 976. 63 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 24. 00 48. 00 142. 50 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 710 Employee SUTA 1. 85 7. 40 22. 39 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1468. 35 6116. 74 18216. 01 180-STUDENT Gross Pay 540. 00 2160. 0 7710. 00 52-Office FIT 12. 35 49. 40 458. 40 Single Acct. 52 SIT 16. 58 66. 32 236. 70 W/H 1 555-55-5555 Soc. Se c. —OASDI 33. 48 133. 92 478. 02 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 7. 83 31. 32 111. 80 Salary CIT 21. 22 84. 88 303. 00 Hourly Rate 7. 50Group Ins. 6. 30 12. 60 45. 00 Reg. Hours 72. 00Union Dues O.T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 711 Employee SUTA 0. 49 1. 96 6. 96 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 441. 75 1779. 60 6070. 12 190-WILLIAMS, Ruth Virginia Gross Pay 5733. 33 15993. 33 52-Office FIT 738. 24 2344. 24 Single Acct. 52 SIT 176. 02 491. 00 W/H 0 518-30-6741 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 355. 7 991. 59 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 83. 12 231. 89 Salary 1223. 08 CIT 225. 33 628. 55 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 28. 80 88. 20 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number Employee SUTA 5. 16 14. 39 Check Date Net Pay 4121. 19 11203. 47

Death sentence Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment, Death Row

Death sentence Essays - Penology, Capital Punishment, Death Row DELAYED EXECUTION AND ITS FORBEARANCE UNDER ARTICLE 21 The AFP recently examined the time an inmate spends on death row between sentencing and execution and questioned if inmates are being punished twice with long-term imprisonment and execution. They found an average inmate spends 13 years on death row, with some spending 30 years or more. Craig Haney, professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz and expert on prisoners held in isolation, said, "People on death row live under the threat of death, which is of course an extraordinary psychological trauma, and they are denied most of the ways that people make life in prison more tolerable: meaningful social activity, programming of any kind, activities." U.S. Supreme Court Justice John-Paul Stevens, in a case involving a prisoner who had spent 29 years on death row, wrote, "The delay itself subjects death row inmates to decades of especially severe dehumanizing conditions of confinement." Death sentence Death penalty has been a mode of punishment since time immemorial. The arguments for and against has not changed much over the years. At this point of time when the issue [whether capital punishment must be abolished or not] is still raging, it will be appropriate to remind ourselves as to how the legislatures and the apex Court have dealt with this issue every time it has come up before them. Procedure When Death sentence is Imposed Special Reasons The court has to record special reasons for imposing death sentence. Confirmation by High Court Court of Session after passing a death sentence shall submit the proceedings to the High Court, and the sentence shall not be executed unless it is confirmed by the High Court. The court passing the sentence shall then commit the convicted person to jail custody under a warrant. Enquiry and Additional Evidence The High Court while dealing with confirmation may order further inquiry be made into, or additional evidence taken upon, any point bearing upon, any point bearing upon the guilty or innocence of the convicted person. No order for confirmation No order for confirmation shall be made until the period allowed for preferring an appeal has expired, or if any appeal is presented within such period, until such appeal is disposed of. In every case so submitted, the confirmation of the sentence, or any new sentence or order passed by the High Court, shall when such court consists of two or more judges , be made, passed and signed by at least two of them. Copy of Order Sent to Court of Session In cases submitted by the court of session to the High Court for the confirmation of a sentence of death, the proper officer of the High Court shall ,without delay, after the order of confirmation or other order has been made by the High Court, send a copy of the order under the seal of the High Court and attested with his official signature, to the court of session. Where a person is sentenced to death and an appeal from its judgment lies the execution of the sentence will be postponed until the period allowed for preferring such appeal has expired, or if an appeal is preferred within that period, until such appeal is disposed of. Postponement of Death Sentence on Pregnant Woman If a woman sentenced to death is found to be pregnant, the High Court shall order the execution of the sentence to be postponed and may, if it thinks fit, commute the sentence to imprisonment for life. Mode Of Execution The issue regarding the constitutionality of hanging as a mode of execution came up before the Supreme Court in Deena v. Union of India {[1993] 4 SCC 645}, though the court asserted that it was a judicial function to probe into the reasonableness of a mode of punishment, it refused to hold the mode of hanging as being violative of Article 21 of the constitution. This issue was once again raised in Shashi Nayar {1992 SCC [CRI] 24] the court held that since the issue had already been considered in Deena, there was no good reason to take a different view. Another issue which deserves attention is public hanging as a mode of execution. The issue